Crawlspace

R. D. Asks an Interesting Question

2011-11-17T12:59:00.000-08:00

Remember R. D. Laing? The Politics of Experience? In a Laing book I never tackled back in the day, but which I now have in front of me--The Facts of Life, c1976--R.D. somewhat friskily proposes (formatting is Laing's):

If you were to die now,
and be reconceived tonight
which woman would you choose to spend the first nine months of
your next lifetime inside of?

Las Manos: Golgotha, 1959

2010-11-22T15:03:00.000-08:00

In 1959, Easter fell on March 29th. Twelve days before, on Tuesday March 17th, during a period of a fifth grade public school day given over to “religious education,” a ten-year old Lampson Tymers sat forming, with toothpicks, a depiction of Golgotha on purple construction paper.

The toothpicks were of the flat-sided variety, which facilitated building the mass of the hill on which the three crosses stood; each of these were then easily formatted by carefully snapping off sections of the toothpicks and aligning them at right angles to the main stem of the crosses. The bodies of Jesus and the two thieves were left to the imagination. But Lampson didn’t feel the need to use his imagination; the main thing was to finish the assignment within the time alloted.

Some school-supplied version of white “Elmer’s glue” was applied to the toothpicks before laying them onto the construction paper. Not being the neatest of children nor very good at craft-oriented projects, it’s quite possible Lampson’s fingers got increasingly sticky with the glue as he botched the right angles of the crosses, a discomfort, along with a mild vexation that his Golgotha didn’t look as good as that of the crisply attired pretty girl across the aisle, that would not relieved until he made it home an hour or two later, when he could wash his hands in soapy water and dunk his brain in comics or television.

These would be the least of his problems, as he was soon to find out. Toothpicks, crosses, Easter––all of these came together over 51 years ago, along with a certain transgressive act––something he'd done earlier that same day––the consequences of which would divide his still evolving consciousness into a before and an after. Like most transgressions, it was only transgressive because it was perceived as such, but the consequences for Lampson were cataclysmic nonetheless.

That’s why, even today, Lampson remembers his toothpick crucifixion. With a cinematic dovetailing of event, probably due to the deft editing capabilities of memory, he had just completed his Golgotha when he was called to report to the head of the six-grade class, normally presided over by the assistant principal of Amelia R. Lutz School, Mr. Gaertner.

Mr. Gaertner was a tall, young, athletic man, whose head, topped by an army-regulation buzz cut, was too small for his body. Although essentially kind and patient, he was somewhat feared because it was to his office George Sting, the principal, usually delegated issuance of discipline when needed. George Sting was an unprepossessing man of indeterminate middle age, short of stature and suffering from male pattern baldness.

Lampson’s older brother, already in junior high school, had made a joke of the principal’s name, calling him, “Big Sting,” as if George Sting might be some kind of Dickensian terror to the kids, but this was far from the truth. The principal was actually a rather timid man, hoping things at Amelia Lutz would go smoothly, like they usually did, every single day. It just so happened Lampson’s father was acquainted with George Sting; they were both members of the same chapter of the local Rotary club.

On this Tuesday, however, both he and Mr. Gaertner were absent, attending a conference.

Being summoned, Lampson instead reported to the sixth-grade class––in mid-session just as his fifth grade class had been––headed by a substitute teacher, a middle-aged be-speckled dark-haired lady, who, as he entered, motioned him over to the desk, from which she pulled a lower, right-hand drawer. Laying within it, was a brown paper towel, with two words scrawled upon it, in ink:

FUCK YOU

In spite of the ink bleeding outwards from each letter, the phrase was very legible. To Lampson, it seemed to scream loudly from its confines in the narrow drawer. He was surprised none of the boys and girls in the class appeared to hear the the paper towel screaming, or were even much aware of his standing there, alone, in front of the class, suddenly numb with the realization of the majestic awfulness of the moment.

Calm and collected, the substitute teacher looked Lampson straight in the eye.

“Did you write this?” she said. What could Lampson do but say, yes, I did, because he had written it. Confession over, the substitute teacher smiled at him, said thank you, and sent him back to his class and his toothpick Golgotha.

To say that Lampson’s own Passion was about to begin would be inappropriate, self-aggrandizing and bad metaphor-sizing: the events that followed those of 3/17/59, although offering cup after cup of lonely anguish and repeated bouts of self-inflicted mental flagellation, climaxed in no rolling away of any stones, no meeting of any Mary in any garden, no touching and confirmation of any wounds by any disciple Thomas, no resurrection, and, finally, no redemption at all.

[to be continued]

Josef Hofmann denounces "rag-time," 1909

2010-06-11T13:25:00.000-07:00

In his book, Piano Playing, With Questions Answered, published in 1909 and reprinted by Dover Publications in 1976, the renowned master of the keyboard has this to say in response to the question: Do you believe the playing the modern rag-time piece to be actually hurtful to the student?

"I do, indeed, unless it is done merely for a frolic; though even such a mood might vent itself in better taste. The touch with vulgarity can never be but hurtful, whatever form vulgarity may assume--whether it be literature, a person, or a piece of music. Why share the musical food of those who are, by breeding or circumstance, debarred from anything better? The vulgar impulse which generated rag-time cannot arouse a noble impulse in response any more than "dime novels" can awaken the instincts of gentlemanliness or ladyship. If we watch the street-sweeper we are liable to get dusty. But remember that the dust on the mind and soul is not so easily removed as the dust on our clothes."

Ragtime was in its glory in 1909. It certainly was a very good year for Scott Joplin; published were one of his most experimental and forward looking pieces, Euphonic Sounds, along with the melancholy tango, Solace, one of his most personal. Joseph Lamb, mentored by Joplin, had his second and third rags published by John Stark in 1909: Ethiopia and Excelsior Rag. The same year saw several masterpieces by James Scott, including Grace and Beauty and Great Scott Rag.

Hofmann's "answer" runs the gamut from cultural elitism to barely concealed racism. The pianist/arbiter's stance is a potent reminder of what Joplin and company were up against in those days. For shame, Josef!

What is it about Seymour?

2010-02-11T15:03:00.000-08:00

After re-reading Perfect Day for Banana Fish, Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters and Seymour, An Introduction, I have these thoughts about Perfect Day for Banana Fish.

In my memory, I had a number of things very wrong about the story. Seymour has not just been married, he’s been married for 6 years. Also, Seymour is not happy (my mind had merged his state of mind on his wedding day (Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters) with that of his on Banana Fish day); he is in crisis. Naturally, Salinger is not direct with this, but this time ‘round, Mr. Glass came across to me as a very sad man at the end of his rope, this being most strongly expressed by the snippy little exchange about his feet with the unfortunate woman in the elevator.

What’s he so unhappy about? Why should Mega-sensitive-Zen Poet-Mystic-Holy Fool commit the ultimate selfish act of suicide and furthermore commit it within three feet of his wife, creating a horrific traumatic event she’ll never get over? The banana fish parable may be a clue to this or it may not. The story itself, one suspects, is a koan of sorts. Or, the parable may be a total red herring—just a funny story for the kid. But if it does mean something, well, what?

First, the title. It’s a perfect day for banana fish in the sense that it turns out to be a good day for Seymour to talk about them with one of J.D.’s magic children and then, in the emotional zenith of the piece, have the magic child actually spot one. That’s what the little girl does—she sees one in the water, carrying away about six bananas. At which point Seymour—in pure Zen joy—kisses her on the arch of her foot. I think something invisible happening in the reader’s head between this smack on the foot and the bang of the pistol is the “meaning” of the story. As for what banana fish stand for, I think it’s more Buddhist imagery. Salinger slathers this Buddhist business, like too much peanut butter on a Ritz, all over these Glass stories. I never got much with the Buddhism myself, except that back in the mid-sixties, when I last read this stuff, this level was taken very seriously, as if Salinger’s entire oeuvre was some kind of religious text to be decoded. The banana fish story was key, and I thought I had it nailed then, but of course I didn’t, and I’m clear now that Salinger doesn’t want it nailed (even though he keeps diddling with it anyway in the later stories). However, if you want to assign meaning, I think that, just as a Buddhist text states that we are “all primarily Buddha”, Seymour is saying we are also all primarily banana fish. It’s simply being human to be a banana fish, but it’s also the unenlightened state being inner “full”, whereas the enlightened state is inner “empty”. That is, emptying oneself of all transitory emotions and such—so that the lotus blossom will open inside your head and all that stuff. I think Seymour hasn’t made it to this state; he has remained a banana fish—full of emotions and transitory cares and everyday nonsense—and he’s stuck in the cave, so: a bullet to the head.

What about Buddy, in Seymour, an Introduction, saying he wrote the damn thing? Well, I, for one, am not so pleased about this little gambit. I think the smarty pants author is messing with the head of the average youthful, needy, Salinger reader, who wants some answers. Anyway, the game is this. If Mr. J.D. Salinger writes the story, we have the omniscient author, who was right there on the beach, in the ocean with Seymour and the little girl, in the hotel room, hearing the whole banana fish thing, seeing Seymour blow his brains out—he’s just reporting the events to us. But when Mr. Buddy Glass says he wrote it, well, that rips omniscience. Buddy wasn’t there, he just made the whole thing up, possibly as mere cathartic therapy in the wake of his brother’s death. No wonder someone says it’s more about you, Buddy, yeah, you being the most normal and unsaintly of all the Glasses; it’s your inner Seymour, not the real Seymour. Yours, Buddy, you who are really J.D. Salinger; so we’re back to square one: it’s just a story. Ha. Ha.

My pique at these Glass stories is probably just a banana fish’s resentment that the holy man author turned out to be just to a banana fish, too. If anything dates these pieces I think it’s the Zen element, which was hip and trendy enough in the mid to late fifties with the Beats, people over in France, and just about all academic intellectuals for Fellini to make fun of a Zen-o-phile in 1960s La Dolce Vita; naturally, in that film, the intellectual blows his brains out. I doubt that Salinger was a full fledged Buddhist or even a seeker. When he gets hold of, say, a Taoist parable or one of Seymour’s double haiku--or Franny's endless prayer--he seems more a sentimentalizer.

June 29, 2005

Maxon elegance

2009-10-23T14:23:00.000-07:00

Honker flip

2009-09-29T12:11:00.000-07:00

Only in Britain

2009-09-29T12:01:00.000-07:00

Here's an issue of Classics Illustrated I'd sorely like to have, my being a fan of Tchaikovsky's opera, The Queen of Spades, which was based on the Pushkin tale adapted by CI above. But this issue only appeared in Great Britain, possibly because of the British film version of the story released in 1949 as a kind of horror movie.

Marcel with binoculars, 1986

2009-08-13T06:30:00.000-07:00

Martha and her daughter, 1986

2009-08-10T07:29:00.000-07:00

Untitled

2009-08-02T14:13:00.000-07:00

Marcel in black shirt, April, 1986

2009-07-31T09:50:00.001-07:00

Crumpled silk chiffon or perhaps a gauze

2009-07-30T14:51:00.001-07:00

Egg and Dart, 1988

2009-07-26T13:18:00.001-07:00

Sarah's hand on copper flashing ripped by hurricane off building in Fort Point Channel district in 1988.

Hanover Street, North End, 6/30/86

2009-07-18T10:38:00.000-07:00

My last day in the North End studio. Long shoot with Sarah.

Cave canem

2009-07-08T03:04:00.000-07:00

Forest Hills Cemetery, 7/7/09.

"Nothingness, receive your prey!"

2009-07-05T08:24:00.000-07:00

A disfigured Madonna from Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. This is a digital image, shot with my little Panasonic camera, using a "grainy black and white" setting. Or, you could say, the Tri-X setting. What is photography, after all? Here's a wanna-be John Clarence Laughlin image with simulated grain.

Still, I like it. The quote in the title is from The Saragossa Manuscript by Jan Potocki, a Pole who published his book in French with the title, Manuscrit Trouvé à Saragosse.

The unbearable lightness of Eleanor

2009-06-30T13:19:00.001-07:00

Eleanor Boardman, who spent most of her Hollywood career in the silents, is remembered chiefly for her role in King Vidor's The Crowd (1928), but I caught up with her in Vidor's Bardelys the Magnificent (1926), which Flicker Alley, bless 'em, feature in their upcoming (7/7/09) two-disc John Gilbert set. Bardelys is a swashbuckling costumer in which Gilbert romances Boardman, who, true to the genre, must resist at first, then succumb. In this film, the surrender takes place in a rowboat amongst some drooping willow branches that Vidor and his cinematographer make the most of. Gilbert, just back from his handsome lessons*, certainly makes the most of Boardman. This is probably acting, folks, but Eleanor's swoon of desire as Gilbert nuzzles her neck is disarmingly real.

*"handsome lessons" copped from Woody Allen (Bananas)

Was there chemistry here? After Bardelys was in the can, there was to be a double wedding: King Vidor and Eleanor Boardman and John Gilbert and Greta Garbo. But Garbo decamped, leaving just Vidor and his girlfriend to tie the knot. Maybe Gilbert had chased the wrong fox.

Eleanor's appeal--at least in this film--is difficult to define. She seems to come with no big star baggage and projects the quiet certitude of a real live girl. Even Olivia de Havilland, in her swashbuckle projects with Flynn, couldn't muster this. Yet, Eleanor is not the girl next door. Maybe she's more that college girl you wanted to date but who was a little too mature to fool around with the puerile likes of you.

Time out for Olive!

2009-06-30T10:36:00.000-07:00

I'm as helpless as a kitten up a tree.

Maxon's Young Earth

2009-06-24T10:54:00.000-07:00

Having ferreted home the latest issue of Turok, I always treasured any appearance of Rex Maxon's irregular feature, Young Earth, if only because he kept his prehistory straight. He knew his Jurassic from his Cretaceous and what lived when. Such specificity was in high contrast to the depicted world of the feature stories, where dinos, mammals (including humans), reptiles, birds--even bunnies--all lived a freewheeling co-existence in the same lost valley. The writers for Turok can be forgiven for bad science; their Indians especially needed the cavemen because you can't base a line of adventure comics on poison arrows and killing saurians all day. The boys needed human conflict, not to mention a buddy here and there.

But in spite of drawing several feature stories (including the first), Maxon's role seems to have been one of educator, but as such, he was a poet, too. Visually, I mean. At the time--I was anywhere from 10 to 14 years old--I thought, in comparison with the other artists' more illustrational styles, that maybe Maxon couldn't draw as well as the others, but instinctively I liked his stuff better. Now I also know better. He was the superior draftsman.

For several hard-to-articulate reasons. First, better form. Maxon keeps it simple, implying mass more than rendering it. This leads to the second reason: because Maxon favors the open blocking of shapes (abstraction) instead of filled-in delineation (illustration), his work has a bolder graphic look, less penciled than painted. Bolder, yet, at the same time understated, gentle, as if by the hand of Raphael--even when the carnivore attacks.

Turok, Son of Stone, no.9, Sept.-Nov. 1957

2009-06-16T06:10:00.000-07:00

One of Turok's finest covers, with my own copy of this issue lost forever. I haven't seen inside of it for well over thirty years. Sample panels below. An excellent Dimetrodon both on cover and in story. Dig the segmented body.

Like Athena from the brow of Zeus...

2009-06-12T06:21:00.000-07:00

In 1954, the idea for Turok, Son of Stone sprang from the brain of this man, Gaylord Dubois (1899-1993). Dubois was an incredibly prolific writer for comics (one source gives the total number of scripts at over 3,000), many of these for Western Publishing, i.e. Dell and Gold Key comics.

The Turok concept seems to have blossomed out of Dubois' work on Dell's Lone Ranger comic, in which he'd recently inserted a new Indian character called Young Hawk. Young Hawk was to star in Dubois' new title about an Indian lost in a hidden valley filled with dinosaurs and cavemen, but before publication Young Hawk became Turok, and Turok gained a companion, the youthful Andar. The time period for their adventures was now "before the coming of the white man."

Dubois went on to write the next seven issues. As a small child, I only caught one of these, but now, with Dark Horse's archived Turok, I'm catching up, reading the first six issues in sequence as I would a book with chapters. Back in 1958, at 9 or 10, I was able to secure issues of Turok more or less regularly, but I was in it for the dinosaurs. Indians didn't grab me. I'd read a book about Squanto that I'd liked, and Lon Chaney, Jr. was okay as Chingachgook in an early TV show based on The Last of the Mohicans. Disliking Tonto was an untenable position. Yet Westerns bored me, and I'd never picked up an issue of Dubois' Lone Ranger comic. And cavemen? Even at 10 I knew cavemen with dinos constituted an anachronism, but, regardless of that issue, I had no use for them.

For this bristle-haired boy, the success of any issue of Turok rode on the frequency of dinosaur appearances and how well they were drawn. Large prehistoric mammals, saber-tooth tigers, mammoths, etc., didn't cut it. Just give me the thunder lizards, see?

The plots meant little to me, the writing nothing at all. But now that I'm paying attention, I must give Dubois his due, especially for his scripting of the first issue. It's not surprising to read that Dubois was an "avid outdoorsman." Turok is nothing if not a tale of survival in the great, prehistoric outdoors, with only simple tools, a bow and arrow, and your wits to keep you alive. Dubois fills his narrative with Indian ingenuity, most often in the form of Turok observing a dangerous or mysterious circumstance, pondering his options, and then acting decisively upon his best judgement.

In the first issue's fourth panel, Turok notices a column of what appears to be smoke rising from a distant hill. Andar thinks prairie fire, but Turok knows better. [above]

Throughout Turok's quarter century run, there was this constant: while Andar persistently leads with his youthful gut, Turok pauses, thinks, and troubleshoots. Dubois inserts Indian lore and Indian know-how whenever he can, and thereby, perhaps unintentionally, provides his stories with a subtext.

Whenever Turok and Andar meet up with primitive tribes in successive sunken valleys, the Indians are the ones with technology and advanced weaponry (poisoned-tipped arrows) and the cavemen are the savages, sometimes not knowing how to rub two sticks together, helpless in the face of nature and its attendant terrors like flesh-eating dinosaurs. Who's white man now?

One day, not unlike today, in the lost valley...

2009-06-10T12:49:00.000-07:00

Who was Rex Maxon?

2009-06-09T08:32:00.000-07:00

Here's a pleasing Plesiosaur from Rex Maxon, the artist responsible for the very first Turok, Son of Stone story. But other artists would take over the comic soon enough, with Maxon mostly relegated to doing 4 page mini-features, but, still, over the years, he was called to do a few more featured Turok stories. Maxon was much more a stylist than Giolitti, who drew most of the stories form '62 on and whose realism could often turn sketchy and banal. Maxon's tiny educational features, like "The Plight of the Plesiosaur," from issue number 9, September-November, 1957 enlivened many a dull issue. Maxon's dino's were less fierce than Giolitti's, but I admired the former's ability to simplify and create a more "equivalent" visual world than the literal, illustrational Giolitti. Buying an issue and finding the feature stories drawn by Maxon always gave me a flush of pleasure. I'd scrutinize them at length like I would, as an adult, pore over Delacroix's late career Moroccan paintings.

Maxon had roots in drawing strips for the newspapers back in the 20s, 30s and 40s, and his draftsmanship and sense of form have the feel of strips and comics from those decades. From 1929 to 1947, he drew the daily Tarzan strip; but the Sunday Tarzan strip was taken from him in 1931 and given to future Prince Valiant artist, Hal Foster. It's been pointed out elsewhere that, when Maxon took on the first Turok issue in 1954, he used several ideas from a Foster Tarzan strip that featured the characters wandering into a "lost land," including a few images, e.g. below (Foster, left; Maxon, right). When, nearly a year later, Dell published another Turok issue, another, less gifted but more illustrational, artist took over. Perhaps Dell saw Maxon's style as old-fashioned?

Turok Son of Stone

2009-06-05T13:36:00.000-07:00

It's happened. Fifty-five years after issue number one, an enterprising publisher, Dark Horse, has begun The Turok: Son of Stone Archives, with the goal of reprinting, in book format, a good portion of the run of this Dell comic title, Turok, Son of Stone, which drove me insane as a little boy. I was around 5 or 6 when the first issue appeared, and I wasn't allowed to have it. The first volume, containing the first six issues, is available now, with volume two (six more issues), coming in July. Two more volumes, if Amazon's listings are correct, are slated to appear within 2009, bringing the number of issues reprinted up to 24. They could stop there; those 24 contain the cream of Turok.

I first spotted Turok in an ice cream parlor run by an impossibly old woman, who maintained a rack of comics to the side. It was 1954. I was very little, and these being the dwindling days of horror comics, I think my mother was being protective. I got the ice cream but no comic. My mother died years ago, but I'd like to say to her now, "That silly comic I wanted? It was about Indians and dinosaurs."

But two years later she bought me my first Turok. Once she realized the wholesomeness of Turok--Dell was a "safe" line of comics, pledged to non-violence and no sex please--she would relent, and when she felt like it, I'd have my Turok. As the years went by, and with an allowance, I could snag my own copies, but by the time I reached high school and had been reading books for a while, Turok had entered its decadent phase, and I stopped buying it. Strangely, after I started college in the mid-sixties, and Turok was still being issued, my mother would sometimes buy an issue for me, and I'd have to act pleased, but Turok was way past being interesting. He was, in fact, lame. I was going to Fellini movies by then. Turok, Son of Stone would continue its run, under various publishers, until 1980.

Judging by the screen captures above, Dark Horse's reproductions look very accurate, although much brighter than the color had been on the cheap pulpy paper used for comics. Now I can see every issue denied me. I'm in control. I can have what I want. I want Turok. Now.

My sentiments exactly

2009-06-03T07:49:00.000-07:00

From the Cosmos Trilogy (2003) by Frederick Seidel

It is time to lose your life,
Even if it isn’t over.
It is time to say goodbye and try to die.
It is October.

Nertz!

2009-05-20T09:21:00.001-07:00

Nuts! he might say, if the Pioneer Food Store happened to be all out of his favorite rolling paper. It's 12:45 in the universe. From Kepes/Lynch.

Harvard Bridge, pre-Smoot

2009-05-20T09:07:00.000-07:00

The single-most unusual aspect of this shot is its revealing of a view that has changed very little in over 50 years. I walk the same walk. From Kepes/Lynch.

Watch yer parking meters

2009-05-14T11:59:00.000-07:00

Don't wanna be a bum, ya better chew gum. Taste the sun on the metal. Nickels only. From Kepes/Lynch.

Tree + reader

2009-05-13T12:00:00.000-07:00

Today's Kepes/Lynch image looks like late afternoon; the reader is backlit: a skillful exposure, and cunningly composed in space and rectangle to convey solitude. It's not a book he holds. Is it a newspaper? A racing form? A man's magazine, like Argosy? Or True?

Dead girls are easy

2009-05-12T10:30:00.001-07:00

My amour fou.

2009-05-12T09:43:00.000-07:00

Today's selection from The Kepes/Lynch Photograph Collection is composed within an inch of its life, but a row of fluorescents visible through the window hints of interior doings on that bright mid-morning, 10:45 AM, March 14, 1956.

Corns medicine

2009-05-08T09:07:00.000-07:00

A dangling reminder/remainder of slow clapboard days in Cambridge, Mass. Corns Medicine a buck a bottle when you pick up the laundry. From The Kepes/Lynch Photograph Collection.

2009-05-07T06:37:00.000-07:00

Another from The Kepes/Lynch Photograph Collection and one of my favorites. Would Mondrian have liked this image? Not enough boogie-woogie for Piet, perhaps, but a fascinating play of placement, right angles, and parallelisms, regardless. This is neither painterly space nor warm pictorialism, but a chilly graphic consideration on ground glass, something that must've looked, upside down, like some kind of perfection. The shadows aslant the stairs say it's after Noon. The photographer noted time of exposure as 2:00 PM, April 19, 1957. The clock in the window says 1:50.

Boston in the fifties

2009-05-06T08:57:00.000-07:00

Thanks to the glorious Kepes/Lynch Photography Collection, we experience intimately, down to the cigarette butts in the gutter, Boston in the years between 1954 and 1959. Taken with a 4X5 view camera by Nishan Bichajian, the 1,906 black and white images were made to support the city planning theories of MIT professor Kevin Lynch, who used research garnered from this study, The Perpetural Form of the City (co-organized by MIT professor, Gyorgy Kepes), to inform his seminal work, The Image of the City. Fifty years ago the sun shone no differently, but the guys wore fedoras and the old Hancock was the tallest building in Boston.

Childhood detritus

2009-05-06T06:08:00.000-07:00

My first post, and this time a simple archiving of things one is afraid of forgetting, such as Big Chief writing tablet, reminder of grade school tedium, torn newsprint, tongue-darkened graphite points, dead flies in fliptop desk (late spring), and greasy pit of stomach fear transversing corn field on walk home.

Remembering too the 1949 Ford, premiering the year after my birth, but it and later iterations still very much on the road in early and mid-fifties on toward '60.